Ireland Wikipedia
These missions brought written language to an illiterate population of Europe during the Dark Ages that followed the fall of Rome, earning Ireland the sobriquet, “the island of saints and scholars”. The style is still popular today in jewellery and graphic art, as is the distinctive style of traditional Irish music and dance, and has become indicative of modern “Celtic” culture in general. Since the 1960s with the increase in immigration, many more languages have been introduced, particularly deriving from Asia and Eastern Europe. It was introduced as the official language during the Tudor and Cromwellian conquests. It was spoken by a few peasants and merchants brought over from England and was largely replaced by Irish before the Tudor conquest of Ireland.
He is largely regarded as one of the founders of modern chemistry and is best known for the formulation of Boyle’s law. In the Republic of Ireland, Kilkenny, the seat of the Butler dynasty, while no longer a city for administrative purposes (since the 2001 Local Government Act), is entitled by law to continue to use the description. It has no formal powers but operates as a forum for discussing matters of common concern between the respective legislatures. Steering the Catholic Relief Bill through Parliament, aided by future prime minister Robert Peel, Wellington prevailed upon a reluctant George IV to sign the Bill and proclaim it into law.
Gaelic football is the most popular sport in Ireland in terms of match attendance and community involvement, with about 2,600 clubs on the island. Notable mathematicians include Sir William Rowan Hamilton, famous for work in classical mechanics and the invention of quaternions. Other notable Irish physicists include Ernest Walton, winner of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics. Father Nicholas Joseph Callan, professor of natural philosophy in Maynooth College, is best known for his invention of the induction coil, transformer and he discovered an early method of galvanisation in the 19th century.
- A knowledge of Latin was common among the poor Irish mountaineers in the 17th century, who spoke it on special occasions, while cattle were bought and sold in Greek in the mountain market-places of County Kerry.
- Similar surnames are often found in Scotland for many reasons, such as the use of a common language and mass Irish migration to Scotland in the late 19th and early to mid-20th centuries.
- The famine lasted from 1845 – 1849, and it was worst in the year 1847, which became known as Black ’47.
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The last name O’Brien, for example, became Obregón.citation needed This flow of emigrants dropped sharply when assisted passage to Australia was introduced at which point the Argentine government responded with their own scheme and wrote to Irish bishops, seeking their support. This was encouraged by the clergy, as they considered a Catholic country, Argentina, preferable to a more Protestant United States. However this figure does not include Australians with an Irish background who chose to nominate themselves as ‘Australian’ or other ancestries. During the 18th and 19th centuries, 300,000 free emigrants and 45,000 convicts left Ireland to settle in Australia. These were the San Patricios, or Saint Patrick’s Battalion—a group of Irish led by Galway-born John O’Riley, with some German, Scottish and American Catholics.
Irish missionaries such as Saint Columba brought Christianity to Pictish Scotland. This is based mostly on medieval writings from the 9th and 10th centuries. The ‘traditional’ view is that, in the 4th or 5th century, Goidelic language and Gaelic culture was brought to Scotland by settlers from Ireland, who founded the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata on Scotland’s west coast. Following the conversion of the Irish to Christianity, Irish secular laws and social institutions remained in place. The introduction of Christianity to the Irish people during the 5th century brought a radical change to the Irish people’s foreign relations.
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The long history of agricultural production, coupled with modern intensive agricultural methods such as pesticide and fertiliser use and runoff from contaminants into streams, rivers and lakes, has placed pressure on biodiversity in Ireland. Gorse (Ulex europaeus), a wild furze, is commonly found growing in the uplands and ferns are plentiful in the more moist regions, especially in the western parts. Native species include deciduous trees such as oak, ash, hazel, birch, alder, willow, aspen, rowan and hawthorn, as well as evergreen trees such Scots pine, yew, holly and strawberry trees. Some previously extinct birds, such as the golden eagle, have been reintroduced after decades of extirpation. There are no snakes in Ireland, and only one species of reptile (the common lizard) is native to the island.
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The relative sea level was less than 50 m lower resulting in an ice bridge (but not a land bridge) forming between Ireland and Great Britain. The Classical Latin name for the island of Ireland, Ivernia, also comes from this same root, and it remains a popular, poetic synonym for the island (usually respelt “Hibernia”, under the influence of hibernum, the Latin word for “winter”). Following a referendum vote in 2016, the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland included, left the European Union (EU) in 2020. However, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain.
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- The arrival of the Anglo-Normans brought also the Welsh, Flemish, Anglo-Saxons, and Bretons.
- During its first decade, the newly formed Irish Free State was governed by the victors of the civil war.
- The earliest written records of Ireland come from classical Greco-Roman geographers.
- Religious allegiance now determined the perception in law of loyalty to the Irish King and Parliament.
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Besides the stew, other well-known traditional Irish dishes include those involving colcannon, coddle, boxty, bacon, and cabbage. Being an island nation surrounded by water, seafood has also long been abundantly available in this country, and the Irish thus enjoy a variety of seafood items like lobsters, oysters, and salmon. Some of the most famous buildings of this era https://chicken-road-2-online.it.com/ included the Four Courts, the Custom House, and the King’s Inns, the latter being built by the London-born architect James Gandon. The Palladian architecture was introduced into Ireland in the early 18th Century, and its most famous example is said to be the Castletown House, built by the Irish architect Edward Lovett Pearce. These tall, narrow, and elegant towers were built as defensive structures, specifically to serve as lookout posts or places to seek refuge in during troubled times. Beginning in the 8th Century, a few stone churches were constructed and served as the earliest reminders of ancient Christian buildings in Ireland.
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The establishment of the Single Person Committee of Inquiry
The British government set up workhouses which were disease-ridden (with cholera, TB and others) but they also failed as little food was available and many died on arrival as they were overworked. The famine occurred due to the extremely impoverished Irish population’s staple food the potato being infected with Blight, and the British administration appropriating all other crops and livestock to feed her armies abroad. The famine lasted from 1845 – 1849, and it was worst in the year 1847, which became known as Black ’47. Known as An Górta Mór (“The Great Hunger”) in the Irish language, during the famine millions of Irish people died and emigrated during Ireland’s largest famine. Irish Catholics continued to receive an education in secret “hedgeschools”, in spite of the Penal laws. The Irish poets of the late 17th and 18th centuries moved toward more modern dialects.
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It saw numerous battles across the island with an estimated 30,000 people dead.citation needed In 1782, Poynings’ Law was repealed, giving Ireland legislative independence from Great Britain for the first time since 1495. The winters destroyed stored crops of potatoes and other staples, and the poor summers severely damaged harvests.page needed This resulted in the famine of 1740. This completed a comprehensive systemic effort to materially disadvantage Roman Catholics and Protestant Dissenters while enriching a new ruling class of Anglican conformists. Religious allegiance now determined the perception in law of loyalty to the Irish King and Parliament.
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They often have Irish surnames, speak a form of Caribbean English influenced by the Irish vernacular and, in some cases, sing Irish songs. For both the Irish in Ireland and those in the resulting diaspora, the famine entered folk memory and became a rallying point for various nationalist movements. A million are thought to have emigrated to Liverpool as a result of the famine. Between 1585 and 1818, over half a million Irish departed Ireland to serve in the wars on the Continent, in a constant emigration romantically styled the”Flight of the Wild Geese” and, before that, in the ‘Flight of the Earls’, just before the Plantation of Ulster. Some were Irish Confederate troops exiled by the English Parliamentarian Oliver Cromwell following the Irish Confederate Wars.
Cultural Significance
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Porter remains very popular, although it has lost sales since the mid-20th century to lager. Whiskey forms the basis of cream liqueurs, such as Baileys, and the “Irish coffee” (a cocktail of coffee and whiskey reputedly invented at Foynes flying-boat station) is probably the best-known Irish cocktail. Traditional regional foods can be found throughout the country, for example coddle in Dublin or drisheen in Cork, both a type of sausage, or blaa, a doughy white bread particular to Waterford. This cuisine is based on fresh vegetables, fish (especially salmon, trout, oysters, mussels and other shellfish), as well as traditional soda breads and the wide range of hand-made cheeses that are now being produced across the country. Since the last quarter of the 20th century, with a re-emergence of wealth in Ireland, a “New Irish Cuisine” based on traditional ingredients incorporating international influences has emerged.
These include Gaelic football, hurling, and camogie—fast-paced, fiercely competitive sports with deep historical roots. Ireland has produced countless masterful storytellers over the centuries, from Peig Sayers and Anna Nic an Luain to Éamon a Búrc and Seamus Heaney, each keeping the tradition alive in their own way. Although the culture in Ireland is often overshadowed by clichés and tired stereotypes, it’s a rich tapestry woven from centuries of tradition, history, and resilience. It spans mythology, the Irish language, traditional music, art, literature, dance, and cuisine, shaped over centuries by influences from the Normans, Vikings, Scots, and English. The large areas of peat bog to be found throughout the country are a notable feature of the landscape. Ireland experienced at least two general glaciations—one covering most of the country and the other extending as far south as a line linking Limerick, Cashel, and Dublin—and the characteristic diversity of Irish scenery owes much to this glacial influence.
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Historically, emigration from Ireland has been the result of conflict, famine and economic issues. Notable Irish explorers include Brendan the Navigator, Sir Robert McClure, Sir Alexander Armstrong, Sir Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. Historically, the Irish nation was made up of kin groups or clans, and the Irish also had their own religion, law code, alphabet and style of dress. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland (officially called Ireland) and Northern Ireland (a part of the United Kingdom). Anglo-Normans also conquered parts of Ireland in the 12th century, while England’s 16th/17th century conquest and colonisation of Ireland brought many English and Lowland Scots to parts of the island, especially the north. From the 9th century, small numbers of Vikings settled in Ireland, becoming the Norse–Gaels.
Traditional Irish music has deep roots, with many believing it was first brought to the island by the Celts thousands of years ago. Irish dancing is a vibrant part of the culture of Ireland, though its popularity has waned in recent years. The iconic Celtic Cross, introduced by the Celts, became a defining symbol of Irish art, later evolving with the rise of Christianity into the intricate Insular style seen in monastic manuscripts like the Book of Kells. Art first appeared in Ireland around 3200 BC, with some of the earliest examples found at Newgrange in Meath, where Neolithic stone carvings still endure. Jonathan Swift, one of Ireland’s earliest literary giants, gave the world Gulliver’s Travels, while Maria Edgeworth offered sharp insights into rural Irish life. It’s a high-intensity game where two teams of 15 use wooden sticks called hurls to strike a small ball known as a sliotar.
Many Irish people were also transported to the island of Montserrat, to work as indentured servants, exiled prisoners or slaves. Many famous and influential figures have claimed Irish ancestry such as Che Guevara, Walt Disney, Barack Obama, JFK, Muhammad Ali and Maréchal The 1st Duke of Magenta, the second President of the Third Republic.citation needed These countries all have large minorities of Irish descent, who in addition form the core of the Catholic Church in those countries. 51% of Protestants and 33% of all respondents felt “Not at all Irish”, while 62% of Catholics and 28% of all respondents felt “Not at all British”.citation needed The survey also revealed that 78% of Protestants and 48% of all respondents felt “Strongly British”, while 77% of Catholics and 35% of all respondents felt “Strongly Irish”.
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There are statues and memorials in Dublin, New York and other cities in memory of the famine. Conditions on board were abysmal – tickets were expensive so stowaways were common, and little food stuff was given to passengers who were simply viewed as cargo in the eyes of the ship workers. Emigrants travelled on ‘Coffin Ships’, which got their name from the often high mortality rates on board.
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Daily life and social customs
The Dublin region receives the most tourists and is home to several of the most popular attractions such as the Guinness Storehouse and Book of Kells. Historically important monastic sites include Glendalough and Clonmacnoise, which are maintained as national monuments in the Republic of Ireland. Some of the most visited sites in Ireland include Bunratty Castle, the Rock of Cashel, the Cliffs of Moher, Holy Cross Abbey and Blarney Castle. Repeated invasions and plantations disrupted land-ownership, and multiple failed uprisings also contributed to repeated phases of deportation and of emigration. Prior to partition in 1921, Ireland had a long history as an economic colony – first, partially, of the Norse, via their cities (9th to 10th centuries CE), and later, to varying extents, of polities related to England. Cider, particularly Magners (marketed in the Republic of Ireland as Bulmers), is also a popular drink.
The practice of bleeding cattle and mixing the blood with milk and butter (not unlike the practice of the Maasai) was common and black pudding, made from blood, grain (usually barley) and seasoning, remains a breakfast staple in Ireland. While salmon and trout fishing remain popular with anglers, salmon fishing, in particular, received a boost in 2006 with the closing of the salmon driftnet fishery. With thousands of lakes, over 14,000 kilometres (8,700 mi) of fish-bearing rivers and over 7,500 kilometres (4,660 mi) of coastline, Ireland is a popular angling destination. Scuba diving is increasingly popular in Ireland with clear waters and large populations of sea life, particularly along the western seaboard. The west coast of Ireland, Lahinch and Donegal Bay in particular, have popular surfing beaches, being fully exposed to the Atlantic Ocean. Golf is very popular, and golf tourism is a major industry attracting more than 240,000 golfing visitors annually.
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